Science 310(5749):819-823 (4 November 2005).
Comment in Science 311(5763):952 (17 February 2006).

Empathising is the capacity to predict and to respond to the behaviour of agents (usually people) by inferring their mental states and responding to these with an appropriate emotion. Systemising is the capacity to predict and to respond to the behaviour of nonagentive deterministic systems by analysing input-operation-output relations and inferring the rules that govern such systems. At a population level, females are stronger empathisers and males are stronger systemisers. The "extreme male brain theory" posits that autism represents an extreme of the male pattern (impaired empathising and enhanced systemising). Here we suggest that specific aspects of autistic neuroanatomy may also be extremes of typical male neuroanatomy.

DOWNLOAD REPRINT (requires password)
DOWNLOAD THE COMMENTARY (requires password)

CITED IN PUBLICATIONS BY OTHERS:

1. Thompson T. Paul E Meehl and BF Skinner: autitaxia, autitypy, and autism. Behavior and Philosophy 33:101-131 (2005).
2. Lawrence PA. Men, women, and ghosts in science. PLoS Biology 4(1):e19 (January 2006).
3. Ronald A, Happé F, Plomin R. Genetic research into autism. Science 311(5763):952-952 (17 February 2006).
4. Wheelwright S, Baron-Cohen S, Goldenfeld N, Delaney J, Fine D, Smith R, Weil L, Wakabayashi A. Predicting Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) from the Systemizing Quotient - Revised (SQ-R) and Empathy Quotient (EQ). Brain Research 1079(1):47-56 (24 March 2006).
5. van Rijn S, Swaab H, Aleman A, Kahn RS. X chromosomal effects on social cognitive processing and emotion regulation: a study with Klinefelter men (47,XXY). Schizophrenia Research 84(2-3):194-203 (June 2006).
6. Azurmendi A, Braza F, Garcia A, Braza P, Munoz JM, Sanchez-Martin JR. Aggression, dominance, and affiliation: Their relationships with androgen levels and intelligence in 5-year-old children. Hormones and Behavior 50(1):132-140 (June 2006).
7. Badcock C, Crespi B. Imbalanced genomic imprinting in brain development: an evolutionary basis for the ætiology of autism. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 19(4):1007-1032 (July 2006).
8. Schmithorst VJ, Holland SK. Functional MRI evidence for disparate developmental processes underlying intelligence in boys and girls. NeuroImage 31(3):1366-1379 (1 July 2006).
9. Cheng Y, Tzeng OJL, Decety J, Imada T, Hsieh J. Gender differences in the human mirror system: a magnetoencephalography study. NeuroReport 17(11):1115-1119 (31 July 2006).
10. Geier DA, Geier MR. A clinical and laboratory evaluation of methionine cycle-transsulfuration and androgen pathway markers in children with autistic disorders. Hormone Research 66(4):182-188 (September 2006).
11. Knickmeyer RC, Baron-Cohen S. Fetal testosterone and sex differences in typical social development and in autism. Journal of Child Neurology 21(10):825-845 (October 2006).
12. Schellenberg GD, Dawson G, Sung YJ, Estes A, Munson J, Rosenthal E, Rothstein J, Flodman P, Smith M, Coon H, Leong L, Yu C, Stodgell C, Rodier PM, Spence MA, Minshew NJ, McMahon WM, Wijsman EM. Evidence for multiple loci from a genome scan of autism kindreds. Molecular Psychiatry 11(11):1049-1060 (November 2006).
13. Goldman MS, Darkes J, Reich RR, Brandon KO. From DNA to conscious thought: the influence of anticipatory processes on human alcohol consumption. In: Cognition and Addiction (M Munafò & IP Albery, eds.), pp 147-184. Oxford: Oxford University Press (30 November 2006).
14. Meyer-Bahlburg HFL, Dolezal C, Baker SW, Ehrhardt AA, New MI. Gender development in women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia as a function of disorder severity. Archives of Sexual Behavior 35(6):667-684 (December 2006).
15. Voracek M, Dressler SG. Lack of correlation between digit ratio (2D : 4D) and Baron-Cohen's "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" test, empathy, systemising, and autism-spectrum quotients in a general population sample. Personality and Individual Differences 41(8):1481-1491 (December 2006).
16. Knickmeyer RC, Wheelwright S, Hoekstra R, Baron-Cohen S. Age of menarche in females with autism spectrum conditions. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 48(12):1007-1008 (December 2006).
17. Davies W, Wilkinson LS. It is not all hormones: alternative explanations for sexual differentiation of the brain. Brain Research 1126(1):36-45 (18 December 2006).
18. Geier DA, Geier MR. A clinical trial of combined anti-androgen and anti-heavy metal therapy in autistic disorders. Neuroendocrinology Letters 27(6):833-838 (December 2006).
19. Carter AS, Black DO, Tewani S, Connolly CE, Kadlec MB, Tager-Flusberg H. Sex differences in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 37(1):86-97 (January 2007).
20. Pringle LW. Suffer the Child: How the Healthcare System Is Failing our Future. Herndon, Virginia: Capital Books (19 January 2007), p 192.
21. Dalton KM, Nacewicz BM, Alexander AL, Davidson RJ. Gaze-fixation, brain activation, and amygdala volume in unaffected siblings of individuals with autism. Biological Psychiatry 61(4):512-520 (15 February 2007).
22. Gochfeld M. Framework for gender differences in human and animal toxicology. Environmental Research 104(1):4-21 (May 2007).
23. Ingudomnukul E, Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Knickmeyer RC. Elevated rates of testosterone-related disorders in women with autism spectrum conditions. Hormones and Behavior 51(5):597-604 (May 2007).
24. Mueller BR, Bale TL. Early prenatal stress impact on coping strategies and learning performance is sex dependent. Physiology and Behavior 91(1):55-65 (16 May 2007).
25. Eme RF. Sex differences in child-onset, life-course-persistent conduct disorder. A review of biological influences. Clinical Psychology Review 27(5):607-627 (June 2007).
26. Blakemore SJ, den Ouden H, Choudhury S, Frith C. Adolescent development of the neural circuitry for thinking about intentions. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 2(2):130-139 (June 2007).
27. Cheng YW, Decety J, Lin CP, Hsieh JC, Hung D, Tzeng OJL. Sex differences in spinal excitability during observation of bipedal locomotion. NeuroReport 18(9):887-890 (11 June 2007).
28. Bohm HV, McComish JEF, Stewart MG. On a possible early identification procedure for babies at high risk for autistic spectrum disorder. Medical Hypotheses 69(1):47-51 (2007).
29. Zhao X, Leotta A, Kustanovich V, Lajonchere C, Geschwind DH, Law K, Law P, Qiu S, Lord C, Sebat J, Ye K, Wigler M. A unified genetic theory for sporadic and inherited autism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104(31):12831-12836 (31 July 2007).
30. Kurian JR, Forbes-Lorman RM, Auger AP. Sex difference in Mecp2 expression during a critical period of rat brain development. Epigenetics 2(3):173-178 (July-September 2007).
31. Hughes JR. Autism: The first firm finding = underconnectivity? Epilepsy and Behavior 11(1):20-24 (August 2007).
32. Focquaert F, Steven MS, Wolford GL, Colden A, Gazzaniga MS. Empathizing and systemizing cognitive traits in the sciences and humanities. Personality and Individual Differences 43(3):619-625 (August 2007).
33. Ruser TF, Arin D, Dowd M, Putnam S, Winklosky B, Rosen-Sheidley B, Piven J, Tomblin B, Tager-Flusberg H, Folstein S. Communicative competence in parents of children with autism and parents of children with specific language impairment. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 37(7):1323-1336 (August 2007).
34. Fisher HE, Island HD, Marchalik D, Rich J. Temperament as a biological mechanism for mate choice: a hypothesis and preliminary data. In: Family Relationships: An Evolutionary Perspective (C Salmon & TK Shackelford, eds.), pp 275-311. New York: Oxford University Press (August 2007).
35. Craig MC, Zaman SH, Daly EM, Cutter WJ, Robertson DMW, Hallahan B, Toal F, Reed S, Ambikapathy A, Brammer M, Murphy CM, Murphy DGM. Women with autistic-spectrum disorder: magnetic resonance imaging study of brain anatomy. British Journal of Psychiatry 191:224-228 (September 2007).
36. Sakaguchi K, Sakai Y, Ueda K, Hasegawa T. Robust association between sociosexuality and self-monitoring in heterosexual and non-hetero sexual Japanese. Personality and Individual Differences 43(4):815-825 (September 2007).
37. Lombardo MV, Barnes JL, Wheelwright SJ, Baron-Cohen S. Self-referential cognition and empathy in autism. PLoS ONE 2(9):e883 (12 September 2007).
38. Roberts EM, English PB, Grether JK, Windham GC, Somberg L, Wolff C. Maternal residence near agricultural pesticide applications and autism spectrum disorders among children in the California central valley. Environmental Health Perspectives 115(10):1482-1489 (October 2007).
39. Geier DA, Geier MR. A prospective assessment of androgen levels in patients with autistic spectrum disorders: biochemical underpinnings and suggested therapies. Neuroendocrinology Letters 28(5):565-573 (October 2007).
40. Catani M, Allin MPG, Husain M, Pugliese L, Mesulam MM, Murray RM, Jones DK. Symmetries in human brain language pathways correlate with verbal recall. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104(43):17163-17168 (23 October 2007).
41. Azurmendi A, Sorozabal A, Sánchez-Martín JR. Androgens, cognition and social behavior in children. In: Psychoneuroendocrinology Research Trends (MT Czerbska, ed.), pp 411-432. New York: Nova Science Publishers (29 October 2007).
42. Senju A, Maeda M, Kikuchi Y, Hasegawa T, Tojo Y, Osanai H. Absence of contagious yawning in children with autism spectrum disorder. Biology Letters 3(6):706-708 (22 December 2007).
43. Bond G. Deadly Harvest: The Intimate Relationship between our Health & our Food. Garden City Park, New York: Square One (2007).
44. Becker C. Vergleichende Analyse der aktuellen Erklärungsansätze von autistischen Störungen. Norderstedt, Germany: GRIN Verlag (2008), pp 23, 25, 26.
45. Lewis JD, Elman JL. Growth-related neural reorganization and the autism phenotype: a test of the hypothesis that altered brain growth leads to altered connectivity. Developmental Science 11(1):135-155 (January 2008).
46. James WH. Further evidence that some male-based neurodevelopmental disorders are associated with high intrauterine testosterone concentrations. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 50(1):15-18 (January 2008).
47. Mccarthy MM. Estradiol and the developing brain. Physiological Reviews 88(1):91-124 (January 2008).
48. Vogeley K, Lehnhardt F. Hochfunktionaler autismus des erwachsenenalters. Nervenheilkunde 27(1):61-69 (January 2008).
49. Young A. Kultur im gehirn: empathie, die menschliche natur und spiegelneuronen. In: Wie geht Kultur unter die Haut? (J Niewöhner, C Kehl, S Beck, eds.), pp 31-54. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag (2008).
50. Struber D, Luck M, Roth G. Sex, aggression and impulse control: an integrative account. Neurocase 14(1):93-121 (2008).
51. Baron-Cohen S. Theories of the autistic mind. Psychologist 21(2):112-116 (February 2008).
52. Braeutigam S, Swithenby SJ, Bailey AJ. Contextual integration the unusual way: a magnetoencephalographic study of responses to semantic violation in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. European Journal of Neuroscience 27(4):1026-1036 (February 2008).
53. Billington J, Baron-Cohen S, Bor D. Systemizing influences attentional processes during the Navon task: an fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 46(2):511-520 (2008).
54. Han SH, Fan Y, Mao L. Gender difference in empathy for pain: an electrophysiological investigation. Brain Research 1196:85-93 (27 February 2008).
55. Stein DJ. Emotional regulation: implications for the psychobiology of psychotherapy. CNS Spectrums 13(3):195-198 (March 2008).
56. Friedman RC, Downey JI. Sexual differentiation of behavior: the foundation of a developmental model of psychosexuality. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 56(1):147-175 (March 2008).
57. Jones G. What is the right number of women? Hints and puzzles from cognitive ability research. Econ Journal Watch 5(2):174-192 (May 2008).
58. Knickmeyer RC, Baron-Cohen S, Auyeung B, Ashwin E. How to test the Extreme Male Brain Theory of autism in terms of fœtal androgens? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 38(5):995-996 (May 2008).
59. Cheng Y, Lee P, Yang C, Lin C, Hung D, Decety J. Gender differences in the mu rhythm of the human mirror-neuron system. PLoS ONE 3(5):e2113 (7 May 2008).
60. Jones G. What is the right number of women? Hints and puzzles from cognitive ability research. Econ Journal Watch 5(2):227-239 (May 2008).
61. Schurhoff F, Laguerre A, Roy I, Beaumont JL, Leboyer M. Handedness and schizotypal features in healthy subjects. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 9(2):121-125 (2008).
62. Davies W, Lynn PMY, Relkovic D, Wilkinson LS. Imprinted genes and neuroendocrine function. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 29(3):413-427 (June 2008).
63. Ochsner KN, Zaki J, Hanelin J, Ludlow DH, Knierim K, Ramachandran T, Glover GH, Mackey SC. Your pain or mine? Common and distinct neural systems supporting the perception of pain in self and other. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 3(2):144-160 (June 2008).
64. Russo NM, Larson C, Kraus N. Audio-vocal system regulation in children with autism spectrum disorders. Experimental Brain Research 188(1):111-124 (June 2008).
65. Wermter AK, Kamp-Becker I, Strauch K, Schulte-Körne G, Remschmidt H. No evidence for involvement of genetic variants in the X-linked neuroligin genes NLGN3 and NLGN4X in probands with autism spectrum disorder on high functioning level. American Journal of Medical Genetics B 147B(4):535-537 (5 June 2008).
66. Crespi B, Badcock C. Psychosis and autism as diametrical disorders of the social brain. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31(3):241-261 (June 2008).
67. Knickmeyer RC, Wheelwright SJ, Baron-Cohen S. Sex-typical play: masculinization/defeminization in girls with an autism spectrum condition. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 38(6):1028-1035 (July 2008).
68. Westberg L, Eriksson E. Sex steroid-related candidate genes in psychiatric disorders. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 33(4):319-330 (July 2008).
69. Schulte-Rüther M, Markowitsch HJ, Shah NJ, Fink GR, Piefke M. Gender differences in brain networks supporting empathy. NeuroImage 42(1):393-403 (1 August 2008).
70. Sánchez-Marín FJ, Padilla-Medina JA. A psychophysical test of the visual pathway of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 38(7):1270-1277 (August 2008).
71. Russo NM, Skoe E, Trommer B, Nicol T, Zecker S, Bradlow A, Kraus N. Deficient brainstem encoding of pitch in children with autism spectrum disorders. Clinical Neurophysiology 119(8):1720-1731 (August 2008).
72. Crespi BJ. Language unbound: genomic conflict and psychosis in the origin of modern humans. In: Sociobiology of Communication: An Interdisciplinary Perspective (P d’Ettore & DP Hughes, eds.), pp 225-248. Oxford: Oxford University Press (21 August 2008).
73. Kreutz G, Schubert E, Mitchell LA. Cognitive styles of music listening. Music Perception 26(1):57-73 (September 2008).
74. Hoekstra RA, Bartels M, Cath DC, Boomsma DI. Factor structure, reliability and criterion validity of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ): a study in Dutch population and patient groups. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 38(8):1555-1566 (September 2008).
75. David N, Aumann C, Santos NS, Bewernick BH, Eickhoff SB, Newen A, Shah NJ, Fink GR, Vogeley K. Differential involvement of the posterior temporal cortex in mentalizing but not perspective taking. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 3(3):279-289 (September 2008).
76. Yamasue H, Abe O, Suga M, Yamada H, Rogers MA, Aoki S, Kato N, Kasai K. Sex-linked neuroanatomical basis of human altruistic cooperativeness. Cerebral Cortex 18(10):2331-2340 (October 2008).
77. Williams JG, Allison C, Scott FJ, Bolton PF, Baron-Cohen S, Matthews FE, Brayne C. The Childhood Autism Spectrum Test (CAST): Sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 38(9):1731-1739 (October 2008).
78. Kinney DK, Munir KM, Crowley DJ, Miller AM. Prenatal stress and risk for autism. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 32(8):1519-1532 (October 2008).
79. Geier DA, King PG, Sykes LK, Geier MR. A comprehensive review of mercury provoked autism. Indian Journal of Medical Research 128(4):383-411 (October 2008).
80. Auyeung B, Baron-Cohen S. A role for fetal testosterone in human sex differences: implications for understanding autism. In: Autism: Current Theories and Evidence (AW Zimmerman, ed.), pp 185-208. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press (15 October 2008).
81. Loat CS, Haworth CMA, Plomin R, Craig IW. A model incorporating potential skewed X-inactivation in MZ girls suggests that X-linked QTLs exist for several social behaviours including autism spectrum disorder. Annals of Human Genetics 72(6):742-751 (November 2008).
82. Crespi B. Genomic imprinting in the development and evolution of psychotic spectrum conditions. Bioogical Reviews 83(4):441-493 (November 2008).
83. Geier DA, Geier MR. Autism spectrum disorder-associated biomarkers for case evaluation and management by clinical geneticists. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics 8(6):671-674 (November 2008).
84. Rubens J. OverSuccess: Healing the American Obsession with Wealth, Fame, Power, and Perfection. Austin, Texas: Greenleaf Book Group Press (2009), p 290.
85. Graziano MSA. The Intelligent Movement Machine: An Ethological Perspective on the Primate Motor System. New York: Oxford University Press (2009), p 196.
86. Vogeley K, Remschmidt H. Hochfunktionaler autismus im erwachsenenalter. In: Therapie psychischer Erkrankungen (U Voderholzer & F Hohagen, eds.), pp 359-373. München: Elsevier (2009).
87. Goldberg J, Anderson GM, Zwaigenbaum L, Hall GBC, Nahmias C, Thompson A, Szatmari P. Cortical serotonin type-2 receptor density in parents of children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 39(1):97-104 (January 2009).
88. Koyama T, Kamio Y, Inada N, Kurita H. Sex differences in WISC-III profiles of children with high-functioning pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 39(1):135-141 (January 2009).
89. Brosnan M, Walker I. A preliminary investigation into the potential role of waist hip ratio (WHR) preference within the assortative mating hypothesis of autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 39(1):164-171 (January 2009).
90. Swaab RI, Swaab DF. Sex differences in the effects of visual contact and eye contact in negotiations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 45(1):129-136 (January 2009).
91. Cheng Y, Chou K, Decety J, Chen I, Hung D, Tzeng OJ, Lin C. Sex differences in the neuroanatomy of human mirror-neuron system: a voxel-based morphometric investigation. Neuroscience 158(2):713-720 (23 January 2009).
92. Yang C, Decety J, Lee S, Chen C, Cheng Y. Gender differences in the mu rhythm during empathy for pain: an electroencephalographic study. Brain Research 1251:176-184 (28 January 2009).
93. Rubinow MJ, Hagerbaumer DA, Juraska JM. The food-conditioned place preference task in adolescent, adult and aged rats of both sexes. Behavioural Brain Research 198(1):263-266 (2 March 2009).
94. Wallentin M. Putative sex differences in verbal abilities and language cortex: a critical review. Brain and Language 108(3):175-183 (March 2009).
95. Auyeung B, Baron-Cohen S, Ashwin E, Knickmeyer R, Taylor K, Hackett G. Fetal testosterone and autistic traits. British Journal of Psychology 100(1):1-22 (February 2009).
96. Klin A. Embracing the challenge of bold theories of autism. British Journal of Psychology 100(1):29-32 (February 2009).
97. McIntyre MH, Hooven CK. Human sex differences in social relationships: organizational and activational effects of androgens. In: Endocrinology of Social Relationships (PT Ellison & PB Gray, eds.), pp 225-245. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press (28 February 2009).
98. Skuse DH. Is autism really a coherent syndrome in boys, or girls? British Journal of Psychology 100(1):33-37 (February 2009).
99. Ceci SJ, Williams WM, Barnett SM. Women's underrepresentation in science: sociocultural and biological considerations. Psychological Bulletin 135(2):218-261 (March 2009).
100. Bora E, Baysan L. Psychometric features of Turkish version of Empathy Quotient in university students. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni 19(1):39-43 (March 2009).
101. Shamay-Tsoory SG, Aharon-Peretz J, Perry D. Two systems for empathy: a double dissociation between emotional and cognitive empathy in inferior frontal gyrus versus ventromedial prefrontal lesions. Brain 132(3):617-627 (March 2009).
102. Hu VW, Sarachana T, Kim KS, Nguyen A, Kulkarni S, Steinberg ME, Luu T, Lai YL, Lee NH. Gene expression profiling differentiates autism case-controls and phenotypic variants of autism spectrum disorders: evidence for circadian rhythm dysfunction in severe autism. Autism Research 2(2):78-97 (April 2009).
103. Savoie A. Boys' lack of interest in fine arts in a coeducational setting: a review of sex-related cognitive traits studies. International Journal of Art and Design Education 28(1):25-36 (2009).
104. Yamasue H, Kuwabara H, Kawakubo Y, Kasai K. Oxytocin, sexually dimorphic features of the social brain, and autism. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 63(2):129-140 (2009).
105. Baron-Cohen S. The empathizing-systemizing (E-S) theory. Year in Cognitive Neuroscience 1156:68-80 (2009).
106. Yamasue H, Kato N. Sexually dimorphism and social brain circuit: its implication to autism. In: Transmitters and Modulators in Health and Disease: New Frontiers in Neuroscience (S Shioda, I Homma, N Kato, eds.), pp 89-99. Tokyo: Springer (26 May 2009).
107. Henningsson S, Jonsson L, Ljunggren E, Westberg L, Gillberg IC, Råstam M, Anckarsäter H, Nygren G, Landén M, Thuresson K, Betancur C, Leboyer M, Gillberg C, Eriksson E, Melke J. Possible association between the androgen receptor gene and autism spectrum disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34(5):752-761 (June 2009).
108. Hu VW, Nguyen A, Kim KS, Steinberg ME, Sarachana T, Scully MA, Soldin SJ, Luu T, Lee NH. Gene expression profiling of lymphoblasts from autistic and nonaffected sib pairs: altered pathways in neuronal development and steroid biosynthesis. PLoS ONE 4(6):e5775 (June 2009).
109. Chakrabarti B, Dudbridge F, Kent L, Wheelwright S, Hill-Cawthorne G, Allison C, Banerjee-Basu S, Baron-Cohen S. Genes related to sex steroids, neural growth and social-emotional behavior are associated with autistic traits, empathy and Asperger syndrome. Autism Research 2(3):157-177 (June 2009).
110. Dukhande VV, Isaac AO, Chatterji T, Lai JCK. Reduced glutathione regenerating enzymes undergo developmental decline and sexual dimorphism in the rat cerebral cortex. Brain Research 1286:19-24 (25 August 2009).
111. Gepner B, Féron F. Autism: a world changing too fast for a mis-wired brain? Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 33(8):1227-1242 (September 2009).
112. Eme R. Male life-course persistent antisocial behavior: a review of neurodevelopmental factors. Aggression and Violent Behavior 14(5):348-358 (September-October 2009).
113. Georgiadis JR, Reinders AATS, Paans AMJ, Renken R, Kortekaas R. Men versus women on sexual brain function: prominent differences during tactile genital stimulation, but not during orgasm. Human Brain Mapping 30(10):3089-3101 (October 2009).
114. Vigil JM. A socio-relational framework of sex differences in the expression of emotion. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32(5):375- (October 2009).
115. Honekopp J, Thierfelder C. Relationships between digit ratio (2D:4D) and sex-typed play behavior in pre-school children. Personality and Individual Differences 47(7):706-710 (November 2009).
116. Auyeung B, Wheelwright S, Allison C, Atkinson M, Samarawickrema N, Baron-Cohen S. The children's empathy quotient and systemizing quotient: sex differences in typical development and in autism spectrum conditions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 39(11):1509-1521 (November 2009).
117. James WH. A new method for testing a hypothesis on a cause of polycystic ovary syndrome. Human Reproduction 24(11):2968-2968 (November 2009).
118. Wu JB, Chen K, Li YM, Lau YC, Shih JC. Regulation of monoamine oxidase A by the SRY gene on the Y chromosome. FASEB Journal 23(11):4029-4038 (November 2009).
119. Magalhaes ES, Pinto-Mariz F, Bastos-Pinto S, Pontes AT, Prado EA, deAzevedo LC. Immune allergic response in Asperger syndrome. Journal of Neuroimmunology 216(1-2):108-112 (30 November 2009).
120. Okazaki S, Hirose M. Does gender affect media choice in travel information search? On the use of mobile Internet. Tourism Management 30(6):794-804 (December 2009).
121. Koski SE, Sterck EHM. Empathic chimpanzees: a proposal of the levels of emotional and cognitive processing in chimpanzee empathy. European Journal of Developmental Psychology 7(1):38-66 (January 2010).
122. Chura LR, Lombardo MV, Ashwin E, Auyeung B, Chakrabarti B, Bullmore ET, Baron-Cohen S. Organizational effects of fetal testosterone on human corpus callosum size and asymmetry. Psychoneuroendocrinology 35(1):122-132 (January 2010).
123. Kumbier E, Domes G, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Herpertz SC. Autismus und autistische Störungen. Der Nervenarzt 81(1):55-65 (January 2010).
124. Brosnan M, Daggar R, Collomosse J. The relationship between systemising and mental rotation and the implications for the extreme male brain theory of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 40(1):1-7 (January 2010).
125. Mouridsen SE, Rich B, Isager T. Sibling sex ratio of individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder as children. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, in press.